In addition, a variety of optimization techniques have been proposed to tune the parameters of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, such as the technique of whale optimization, the enhanced genetic algorithm technique, the optimization of particle swarm, the optimization of the lightning attachment procedure, the technique of marine predator, the optimizer of social spider, and the technique of cuckoo search. Because of their simplicity, these controllers are used in a lot of LFC publications. The classical controllers are usually mentioned as integer order controllers. In previous literature, several studies on load frequency control (LFC) examining methods of various controls for effective power system operation have been presented.
Finally, the results demonstrate that under all examined conditions, the new ULC-based controllers tend to further enhance the hybrid microgrid system’s frequency time response. The results of time-domain simulations performed in MATLAB/SIMULINK are shown. Moreover, a vari-ety of scenarios are studied to determine the proposed controller’s sensitivity and robustness to changes in wind speed, step loads, solar irradiance, and system parameter changes. Furthermore, a comparison of the proposed MPA-based ULC-PIDF and ULC-FPIDF controllers against the previously designed controllers is presented. The performance of the pro-posed controller is evaluated in the microgrid system with different renewable energy sources and energy storage devices.
In order to further enhance the frequency response, the alpha parameter of the proposed ULC model is optimized using MPA. The input scaling factors, boundaries of membership functions, and gains of the FPIDF con-troller are all optimized using the MPA. A new ultra-local control (ULC) model and two marine predator algorithm (MPA)-based controllers MPA-based proportional-integral-derivative with filter (PIDF) and MPA-based Fuzzy PIDF (FPIDF) controllers are combined to enhance the frequency response of a hybrid microgrid system.
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